하드디스크관리-RAID 개념과 종류

하드디스크관리-RAID 개념과 종류

2024. 11. 16. 10:29ㆍb정리/이것이 리눅스다-우분투-3판

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KrnePiEqX9A&list=PLqTUMsvO70nnPQ42mtOKCgzlXeIy8GB0U&index=34

Linear RAID와 RAID 0

Linear RAID	RAID 0
최소 2개의 하드디스크 필요	최소 2개의 하드디스크 필요
2개 이상의 하드디스크를 1개의 볼륨으로 사용	모든 디스크에 동시에 저장됨
앞 디스크부터 차례로 저장	100% 공간효율성
100% 공간효율성	신뢰성 낮음
-	빠흔 성능 요구, 단 전부 잃어버려도 큰 문제가 되지 않는 자료가 적당

RAID 1

RAID 5

RAID 1의 데이터의 안전서 + RAID 0처럼 공간 효율성
최소한 3개 이상의 하드디스크
오류가 발생할 때는 패리티를 이용해서 데이터를 복구

RAID 6

RAID 6 방식은 RAID 5 방식이 개선된 것
공간 효율은 RAID 5보다 약간 떨어지지만, 2개의 디스크가 동시에 고장이 나도 데이터에는 이상이 없도록 하는 방식
최소 4개의 디스크 필요
공간 효율 - RAID 1 <<< RAID 6 < RAID 5
성능(속도)은 5에 비해 약간 떨어짐

RAID 1+0

신뢰성과 성능이 동시에 뛰어난 방법

RIAD 연습

디스크 7개 준비 및 파티션, 디스크 설정

root@ServerA:~# ls /dev/sd*
/dev/sda  /dev/sda1  /dev/sda2  /dev/sdb  /dev/sdc  /dev/sdd  /dev/sde  /dev/sdf  /dev/sdg  /dev/sdh
root@ServerA:~# fdisk /dev/sdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.39.3).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS (MBR) disklabel with disk identifier 0x01fa6c14.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-2097151, default 2048):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-2097151, default 2097151):

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 1023 MiB.

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code or alias (type L to list all): L

00 Empty            27 Hidden NTFS Win  82 Linux swap / So  c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
01 FAT12            39 Plan 9           83 Linux            c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
02 XENIX root       3c PartitionMagic   84 OS/2 hidden or   c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
03 XENIX usr        40 Venix 80286      85 Linux extended   c7 Syrinx
04 FAT16 <32M       41 PPC PReP Boot    86 NTFS volume set  da Non-FS data
05 Extended         42 SFS              87 NTFS volume set  db CP/M / CTOS / .
06 FAT16            4d QNX4.x           88 Linux plaintext  de Dell Utility
07 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT  4e QNX4.x 2nd part  8e Linux LVM        df BootIt
08 AIX              4f QNX4.x 3rd part  93 Amoeba           e1 DOS access
09 AIX bootable     50 OnTrack DM       94 Amoeba BBT       e3 DOS R/O
0a OS/2 Boot Manag  51 OnTrack DM6 Aux  9f BSD/OS           e4 SpeedStor
0b W95 FAT32        52 CP/M             a0 IBM Thinkpad hi  ea Linux extended
0c W95 FAT32 (LBA)  53 OnTrack DM6 Aux  a5 FreeBSD          eb BeOS fs
0e W95 FAT16 (LBA)  54 OnTrackDM6       a6 OpenBSD          ee GPT
0f W95 Ext'd (LBA)  55 EZ-Drive         a7 NeXTSTEP         ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS             56 Golden Bow       a8 Darwin UFS       f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12     5c Priam Edisk      a9 NetBSD           f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost  61 SpeedStor        ab Darwin boot      f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3  63 GNU HURD or Sys  af HFS / HFS+       f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16     64 Novell Netware   b7 BSDI fs          f8 EBBR protective
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF  65 Novell Netware   b8 BSDI swap        fb VMware VMFS
18 AST SmartSleep   70 DiskSecure Mult  bb Boot Wizard hid  fc VMware VMKCORE
1b Hidden W95 FAT3  75 PC/IX            bc Acronis FAT32 L  fd Linux raid auto
1c Hidden W95 FAT3  80 Old Minix        be Solaris boot     fe LANstep
1e Hidden W95 FAT1  81 Minix / old Lin  bf Solaris          ff BBT
24 NEC DOS

Aliases:
   linux          - 83
   swap           - 82
   extended       - 05
   uefi           - EF
   raid           - FD
   lvm            - 8E
   linuxex        - 85
Hex code or alias (type L to list all): fd
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux raid autodetect'.

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 1 GiB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x01fa6c14

Device     Boot Start     End Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1        2048 2097151 2095104 1023M fd Linux raid autodetect

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

7개 디스크 전부 똑같이 진행

apt -y install mdadm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpTeIOWulTM&list=PLqTUMsvO70nnPQ42mtOKCgzlXeIy8GB0U&index=36

RAID 0 구축

root@ServerA:~# fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 1 GiB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x01fa6c14

Device     Boot Start     End Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1        2048 2097151 2095104 1023M fd Linux raid autodetect
root@ServerA:~# fdisk -l /dev/sdc
Disk /dev/sdc: 1 GiB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x63717f36

Device     Boot Start     End Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sdc1        2048 2097151 2095104 1023M fd Linux raid autodetect

## 논리 볼륨 작성
root@ServerA:~# mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=0 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
root@ServerA:~# mdadm --detail --scan
ARRAY /dev/md0 metadata=1.2 UUID=6c621ed1:24483e16:b5e7895b:612148ff

## 파일시스템 생성
root@ServerA:~# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0
mke2fs 1.47.0 (5-Feb-2023)
Creating filesystem with 522752 4k blocks and 130816 inodes
Filesystem UUID: c2af407b-cfd0-4c7e-89b3-b21c77393390
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912

Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done


## 마운트 및 마운트 확인
root@ServerA:~# mkdir /raid0
root@ServerA:~# mount /dev/md0 /raid0/
root@ServerA:~# df
파일 시스템     1K-블록     사용     가용 사용% 마운트위치
tmpfs            396104     1956   394148    1% /run
/dev/sda2      81984920 10650556 67123832   14% /
tmpfs           1980500        0  1980500    0% /dev/shm
tmpfs              5120        0     5120    0% /run/lock
tmpfs            396100      100   396000    1% /run/user/0
/dev/md0        2019240       24  1898284    1% /raid0

## /etc/fstab 등록
vi /etc/fstab

# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# <file system> <mount point>   <type>  <options>       <dump>  <pass>
# / was on /dev/sda2 during curtin installation
/dev/disk/by-uuid/2ed4635c-10fa-4383-b0f1-c596a59bc8c5 / ext4 defaults 0 1
/swap.img       none    swap    sw      0       0
/dev/md0 /raid0 ext4 defaults 0 0

## 적용
systemctl daemon-reload

root@ServerA:~# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
           Version : 1.2
     Creation Time : Fri Nov 15 21:03:07 2024
        Raid Level : raid0
        Array Size : 2091008 (2042.00 MiB 2141.19 MB)
      Raid Devices : 2
     Total Devices : 2
       Persistence : Superblock is persistent

       Update Time : Fri Nov 15 21:03:07 2024
             State : clean
    Active Devices : 2
   Working Devices : 2
    Failed Devices : 0
     Spare Devices : 0

            Layout : original
        Chunk Size : 512K

Consistency Policy : none

              Name : ServerA:0  (local to host ServerA)
              UUID : 6c621ed1:24483e16:b5e7895b:612148ff
            Events : 0

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0       8       17        0      active sync   /dev/sdb1
       1       8       33        1      active sync   /dev/sdc1

RAID 1 구성

## RAID 1 구성
root@ServerA:~# mdadm --create /dev/md1 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
    may not be suitable as a boot device.  If you plan to
    store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
    your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
    --metadata=0.90
Continue creating array? y
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md1 started.

## 파일시스템 설정
root@ServerA:~# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md1
mke2fs 1.47.0 (5-Feb-2023)
Creating filesystem with 261632 4k blocks and 65408 inodes
Filesystem UUID: d074c087-78ce-457d-8a59-be164236e01b
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376

Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

## 마운트 및 확인
root@ServerA:~# mkdir /raid1
root@ServerA:~# mount /dev/md1 /raid1
root@ServerA:~# df
파일 시스템     1K-블록     사용     가용 사용% 마운트위치
tmpfs            396104     1964   394140    1% /run
/dev/sda2      81984920 10650564 67123824   14% /
tmpfs           1980500        0  1980500    0% /dev/shm
tmpfs              5120        0     5120    0% /run/lock
tmpfs            396100      100   396000    1% /run/user/0
/dev/md0        2019240       24  1898284    1% /raid0
/dev/md1        1011148       24   942416    1% /raid1

### /etc/fstab 설정
root@ServerA:~# vi /etc/fstab
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# <file system> <mount point>   <type>  <options>       <dump>  <pass>
# / was on /dev/sda2 during curtin installation
/dev/disk/by-uuid/2ed4635c-10fa-4383-b0f1-c596a59bc8c5 / ext4 defaults 0 1
/swap.img       none    swap    sw      0       0
/dev/md0 /raid0 ext4 defaults 0 0
/dev/md1 /raid1 ext4 defaults 0 0

# 적용
root@ServerA:~# systemctl daemon-reload

## 확인
root@ServerA:~# mdadm --detail /dev/md1
/dev/md1:
           Version : 1.2
     Creation Time : Fri Nov 15 21:09:33 2024
        Raid Level : raid1
        Array Size : 1046528 (1022.00 MiB 1071.64 MB)
     Used Dev Size : 1046528 (1022.00 MiB 1071.64 MB)
      Raid Devices : 2
     Total Devices : 2
       Persistence : Superblock is persistent

       Update Time : Fri Nov 15 21:10:34 2024
             State : clean
    Active Devices : 2
   Working Devices : 2
    Failed Devices : 0
     Spare Devices : 0

Consistency Policy : resync

              Name : ServerA:1  (local to host ServerA)
              UUID : ff0fd3fa:55169fb6:8250a4d7:293f7ca6
            Events : 17

    Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
       0       8       49        0      active sync   /dev/sdd1
       1       8       65        1      active sync   /dev/sde1

RAID 5 방식 구성

### raid 만들기
mdadm --create /dev/md5 --level=5 --raid-devices=3 /dev/sdf1 /dev/sdg1 /dev/sdh1
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md5 started.

### 파일 시스템 설정
mkfs.ext4 /dev/md5
mke2fs 1.47.0 (5-Feb-2023)
Creating filesystem with 522752 4k blocks and 130816 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 0f98b058-c510-421e-af73-6ea63afb48e3
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912

Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

### 마운트 및 설정 확인
root@ServerA:~# mkdir /raid5
root@ServerA:~# mount /dev/md5 /raid5
mount: (hint) your fstab has been modified, but systemd still uses
       the old version; use 'systemctl daemon-reload' to reload.
root@ServerA:~# df
파일 시스템     1K-블록     사용     가용 사용% 마운트위치
tmpfs            396104     1972   394132    1% /run
/dev/sda2      81984920 10650572 67123816   14% /
tmpfs           1980500        0  1980500    0% /dev/shm
tmpfs              5120        0     5120    0% /run/lock
tmpfs            396100      100   396000    1% /run/user/0
/dev/md0        2019240       24  1898284    1% /raid0
/dev/md1        1011148       24   942416    1% /raid1
/dev/md5        2019240       24  1898284    1% /raid5
root@ServerA:~# vi /etc/fstab

### 데몬 리로드
root@ServerA:~# systemctl daemon-reload
root@ServerA:~# mdadm --detail /dev/md5
/dev/md5:
           Version : 1.2
     Creation Time : Fri Nov 15 21:14:06 2024
        Raid Level : raid5
        Array Size : 2091008 (2042.00 MiB 2141.19 MB)
     Used Dev Size : 1045504 (1021.00 MiB 1070.60 MB)
      Raid Devices : 3

root@ServerA:~# mdadm --detail --scan
ARRAY /dev/md0 metadata=1.2 UUID=09cbe15c:72252115:303e81cc:e6e8340c
ARRAY /dev/md1 metadata=1.2 UUID=76611730:7f18e0cc:e79284a7:6e88dc40
ARRAY /dev/md5 metadata=1.2 UUID=39301aa1:1fe88d17:48ddf2e5:7ee34f14
root@ServerA:~# vi /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
root@ServerA:~# update-initramfs -u
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-6.8.0-48-generic

reboot 후 확인

root@ServerA:~# df
파일 시스템     1K-블록     사용     가용 사용% 마운트위치
tmpfs            396104     1940   394164    1% /run
/dev/sda2      81984920 10656460 67117928   14% /
tmpfs           1980512        0  1980512    0% /dev/shm
tmpfs              5120        0     5120    0% /run/lock
/dev/md0        2019240       24  1898284    1% /raid0
/dev/md1        1011148       24   942416    1% /raid1
/dev/md5        2019240       24  1898284    1% /raid5
tmpfs            396100      100   396000    1% /run/user/0
root@ServerA:~#
root@ServerA:~#
root@ServerA:~#
root@ServerA:~#
root@ServerA:~#
root@ServerA:~# ls -l /dev/md*
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 9, 0 11월 15 22:43 /dev/md0
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 9, 1 11월 15 22:43 /dev/md1
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 9, 5 11월 15 22:43 /dev/md5

장치 고장 대처

root@ServerA:~# mdadm --detail --scan
INACTIVE-ARRAY /dev/md5 metadata=1.2 UUID=39301aa1:1fe88d17:48ddf2e5:7ee34f14
INACTIVE-ARRAY /dev/md1 metadata=1.2 UUID=76611730:7f18e0cc:e79284a7:6e88dc40
INACTIVE-ARRAY /dev/md0 metadata=1.2 UUID=09cbe15c:72252115:303e81cc:e6e8340c


root@ServerA:~# mdadm --run /dev/md5
mdadm: started array /dev/md5


root@ServerA:~# mdadm --run /dev/md1
mdadm: started array /dev/md1


root@ServerA:~# mdadm --detail --scan
ARRAY /dev/md5 metadata=1.2 UUID=39301aa1:1fe88d17:48ddf2e5:7ee34f14
ARRAY /dev/md1 metadata=1.2 UUID=76611730:7f18e0cc:e79284a7:6e88dc40
INACTIVE-ARRAY /dev/md0 metadata=1.2 UUID=09cbe15c:72252115:303e81cc:e6e8340c

root@ServerA:~# mdadm --stop /dev/md0
mdadm: stopped /dev/md0


root@ServerA:~# mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=0 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1
mdadm: /dev/sdb1 appears to be part of a raid array:
       level=raid0 devices=2 ctime=Fri Nov 15 22:36:10 2024
Continue creating array? y
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.


root@ServerA:~# mdadm /dev/md1 --add /dev/sde1
mdadm: added /dev/sde1


root@ServerA:~# mdadm /dev/md5 --add /dev/sdg1
mdadm: added /dev/sdg1


root@ServerA:~# mdadm --detail --scan
ARRAY /dev/md1 metadata=1.2 UUID=76611730:7f18e0cc:e79284a7:6e88dc40
ARRAY /dev/md5 metadata=1.2 UUID=39301aa1:1fe88d17:48ddf2e5:7ee34f14
ARRAY /dev/md0 metadata=1.2 UUID=83d323af:6c647c0e:d943db95:d99d8cf5


root@ServerA:~# vi /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
root@ServerA:~# vi /etc/fstab
root@ServerA:~# update-initramfs -u

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공지사항

아카이브

Linear RAID와 RAID 0

RAID 1

RAID 5

RAID 6

RAID 1+0

RIAD 연습

디스크 7개 준비 및 파티션, 디스크 설정

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpTeIOWulTM&list=PLqTUMsvO70nnPQ42mtOKCgzlXeIy8GB0U&index=36

RAID 0 구축

RAID 1 구성

RAID 5 방식 구성

reboot 후 확인

장치 고장 대처

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